Unless the context otherwise requires, we use the terms “Giga-tronics Incorporated,” “Giga-tronics,” “we,” “us,” “the Company” and “our” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to refer to Giga-tronics Incorporated and its wholly owned subsidiary, Microsource Inc. References to our 2022 fiscal year refer to our fiscal year ended March 26, 2022, references to our 2021 fiscal year refer to our fiscal year ended March 27, 2021, and references to our 2023 fiscal year refer to our fiscal year that will end on March 25, 2023.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including but not limited to certain disclosures contained in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about our plans, objectives, representations and contentions, and are not historical facts and typically are identified by the use of terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue” and similar words, although some forward-looking statements are expressed differently. You should be aware that the forward-looking statements included herein represent management's current judgment and expectations, but our actual results, events and performance could differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. We do not intend to update any of these forward-looking statements or publicly announce the results of any revisions to these forward-looking statements, other than as is required under the United States Federal Securities laws.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General

Giga-tronics Incorporated manufactures specialized electronics equipment for use in both military test and airborne operational applications. Our operations consist of two business segments, those of our wholly owned subsidiary, Microsource Inc. (“Microsource”) and those of our Giga-tronics Division. Our Microsource segment designs and manufactures custom microwave products for military airborne, sea, and ground applications while the Giga-tronics Division designs and manufactures high fidelity signal simulation and recording solutions for RADAR and Electronic Warfare (“EW”) (“RADAR/EW”) test applications.

Giga-tronics was incorporated on March 5, 1980. We acquired Microsource on May 18, 1998.

The Company’s principal executive offices are located at 5990 Gleason Drive, Dublin, California 94568, and our telephone number at that location is (925) 328-4650. Our website address is https://www.gigatronics.com.

On December 27, 2021, the Company entered into a Share Exchange Agreement (“Exchange Agreement”) with BitNile Holdings, Inc. (“BitNile”) and Gresham Worldwide, Inc. (“Gresham”), which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of BitNile. The Exchange Agreement provides that the Company will acquire all of the outstanding shares of capital stock of Gresham in exchange for issuing to BitNile 2,920,085 shares of the Company’s common stock and 514.8 shares of a new series of preferred stock that are convertible into an aggregate of 3,960,043 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to potential adjustments, and the assumption of Gresham’s outstanding equity awards representing, on an as-assumed basis, 249,875 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Exchange Transaction”). Completion of the Exchange Transaction is subject to the approval of the Company’s shareholders and other customary closing conditions.

Immediately following the completion of the Exchange Transaction, Gresham will be a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock, warrants and options will remain outstanding and unaffected upon completion of the Exchange Transaction. The Company’s common stock will continue to be registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, ("Exchange Act") immediately following the Exchange Transaction.

See Note 20 - Share Exchange Agreement with BitNile and Gresham to the Company’s financial statements included in Item 8 of this report.

Reporting Segments

Our business has two reporting segments: Microsource and the Giga-tronics Division.

Microsource

Microsource primarily develops custom microwave products for use in military airborne, sea and ground applications. Microsource’s two largest customers are prime contractors for which we develop and manufacture sophisticated RADAR filters used in fighter aircraft. Revenues from Microsource comprised a majority of our revenues for the fiscal years ended March 26, 2022 and March 27, 2021.                           

Giga-tronics Division

Our Giga-tronics Division designs, manufactures, and markets a family of functional test products and integrates those test products along with third-party hardware and software to create full test solutions for the RADAR/EW segment of the defense electronics market. Our RADAR/EW test solutions are used to evaluate and improve the performance of RADAR/EW systems. Giga-tronics Division's customers include major United States (“U.S.”) defense prime contractors, the U.S. armed services and research institutes.

Products and Markets

Microsource

Microsource’s primary business is the production of Yttrium-Iron-Garnet (“YIG”) based microwave components designed specifically for the intended operational application. Microsource produces a line of tunable, synthesized band reject filters for solving interference problems in RADAR/EW applications as well as low noise oscillators used on shipboard and land-based self-protection systems. Microsource designs components based upon the Company’s proprietary YIG technology, for each customer’s unique requirement, generally at the customer’s expense.

While our YIG technology may be used in a variety of operational applications and as components in microwave instruments and devices, Microsource’s two largest customers are prime contractors for whom we develop and manufacture RADAR filters used in fighter aircraft. Microsource serves the market for operational hardware associated with the U.S. Government’s RADAR Modernization Program for prior generation fighter aircraft (i.e., the F-15D, F-16, and F/A-18E jets) to extend their useful lives. These RADAR filters are designed to withstand the rigors of operating under extreme conditions. Microsource also delivers YIG hardware for shipboard and land-based close-in weapon systems (“CIWS”) used to defend against missile attacks and other close-in threats.

Our customers require that Microsource be certified to the stringent AS9100D aerospace quality standard. Microsource routinely maintains a top-quality rating as measured quarterly by its customers, and over the years has received multiple “Gold Supplier” awards.

Microsource handles sensitive information and must maintain a certified cybersecurity program to protect against network intrusion and theft of customer data, as well as loss of its own proprietary information. The Company is working toward a Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC 2.0) Level 2 Certification. In addition, test equipment and systems used in the manufacture of our microwave components must be audited periodically by the U.S. Department of Defense for continued authorization to operate.

Microsource’s revenue was $8.3 million for our fiscal year ended March 26, 2022, as we delivered filters for approximately 70 aircrafts. Microsoure revenue fluctuates significantly depending upon when the prime contractors require delivery and place orders. We believe there are approximately 3,000 potential domestic and foreign F-15D, F-16 and F/A-18E aircraft that have not been upgraded. Microsource is a sole-source supplier of filters for these three fighter jets, and we expect that the business will continue to be a significant source of our future revenue.

Giga-tronics Division

Our Giga-tronics Division designs, manufactures, and markets a family of functional test systems for the RADAR/EW segment of the defense electronics market. Our RADAR/EW test systems are used to evaluate and improve the performance of RADAR systems and EW counter measures, such as jammers. Giga-tronics Division customers include major U.S. defense prime contractors, the armed services (primarily in the U.S.) and research institutes.

RADAR and EW systems are subject to extensive test and evaluation before being deployed and often require periodic re-evaluation during their system lifetime. Although field trials (ground, flight, or naval operations) are the most accurate predictor of operational effectiveness, such exercises are too expensive to rely on exclusively for design feedback. Furthermore, defects uncovered during the field trial stage usually results in major program delays and cost overruns. To reduce this risk, the defense industry relies on simulation in a laboratory setting to save development costs and to identify problems early. Nevertheless, field trials remain an essential component in the characterization of defense systems and provide important opportunities from live fire testing of weapon systems to training of personnel in realistic combat scenarios. Our goal is to become a leading supplier of simulation solutions for evaluating defense RADAR and EW systems in both laboratory and field environments.

Simulating the electromagnetic environment that modern weapon systems will experience when deployed is a challenging problem. Simulators must generate hundreds, if not thousands, of signals simultaneously to replicate the signal dense environment encountered in a modern battlespace. It is also necessary that many of the signals change dynamically over time to simulate movement. These dynamic signals are injected directly into the system under test (“SUT”) in laboratory settings or transmitted via antennas to the SUT during field trials, such as on an open range, for the purpose of predicting the SUT’s operational performance when placed in service.

Traditional Simulation Approaches

Generating the many simultaneous signals required for a realistic simulation is traditionally achieved by coordinating the behavior of many separate signal generators and usually results in solutions that are physically large and may cost between $8 million and $20 million depending upon the number of emitters simulated and their waveform complexity. These large systems can take more than a year to specify and procure, are typically installed in fixed locations as they are too large to easily move, and their cost structure almost always leads to a time-shared use model. Moreover, their complexity demands a large degree of support from the manufacturer to initially program scenarios and later reprogram them as requirements change. The dynamics of this type of business model is reminiscent of the IBM mainframe days before personal computers were widely available.

Giga-tronics’ Solution

Giga-tronics has constructed a Threat Emulation System (“TEmS”) using its agile, phase coherent wide bandwidth up-converter hosted within the compact industry standard AXIe modular platform. The instrument-grade upconverter transmits multiple emitters using a low frequency digital waveform generator and results in a simulator much smaller in size and cost compared to traditional solutions. In addition, Giga-tronics’ solution includes emitter software that allows users to define their own scenarios without extensive support from Giga-tronics, including dynamic emitters that simulate movement. Although more limited in overall functionality than the traditionally architected solutions, the small size, relatively easy programming, and a starting price point under half a million dollars, the Giga-tronics TEmS solution greatly increases access to signal simulation capability for test engineers and open range operators in a manner analogous to the way in which the IBM PC increased the availability of computing power to everyone, even though the IBM PC was less powerful than IBM’s namesake mainframes.

We believe our TEmS RADAR/EW simulation solution offers several competitive advantages as follows:

The Giga-tronics TEmS solution is already a proven contributor in laboratory environments, such as at prime contractors for product acceptance and at government run installations like the Naval Air Station at Point Mugu California. In addition, the underlying hardware may be attractive to other builders of custom simulation systems.

The Giga-tronics TEmS solution is smaller in size, lower in cost, and when coupled with a tracking antenna, operates at lower power levels making it an ideal solution for outdoor installations with multiple locations for simulating integrated air defense systems. We believe that outdoor government test facilities are potentially a significant additional source of revenue because our solutions are portable and can be mounted in trucks for use on military bases and in remote locations. Test engineers are using our equipment to generate realistic RADAR signals for air-crew training and in-flight evaluation of EW system effectiveness. We have delivered portable threat emulation solutions to both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force. This portable application represents a market expansion for our threat emulation solution and we expect it to be a major growth driver in fiscal year 2023.

Competition

The Company primarily competes in two different markets: Microsource’s YIG components and Giga-tronics RADAR/EW test systems.

Microsource is a sole source supplier serving the market for filter components associated with the U.S. Government’s RADAR Modernization Program for certain prior generation fighter jet aircrafts (F-15D, F-16 and F/A-18E jets) and for oscillators in shipboard and land-based missile defense systems. Our Microsource segment supplies RADAR filters specifically designed for military aircraft to solve interference problems created when newer, more powerful RADAR systems are installed on older aircraft without a corresponding upgrade to the onboard self-protection electronics. Only a few other companies possess the technical know-how to design and manufacture YIG components of this nature, such as Teledyne and Micro-Lambda Wireless, but we believe the expense of developing and requalifying new components for the F-15D, F-16 and F/A-18E is prohibitive to the point where an existing prime customer would only undertake such an effort if major issues were to arise, such as significant technical deficiencies or our inability to deliver products on time. No filter is required when an aircraft receives both an upgraded RADAR and an upgraded self-protection package.

Microsource has regularly received a gold-supplier rating from its customers, and we believe our sole source position is secure.

The Giga-tronics Division serves the defense electronics market with a microwave test platform used in the evaluation of military RADAR/EW systems. This application represents a niche segment within the broader test equipment market. While this niche market segment of RADAR/EW testing is large enough to be meaningful to Giga-tronics, we believe it is too small to attract larger competitors, such as Keysight, Rohde & Schwarz and National Instruments who, to our knowledge, do not approach these markets with new dedicated solutions.

We have developed a unique architecture to address the RADAR/EW test requirements that results in systems smaller in size and lower in cost than available solutions. Our competitors often have greater resources in research, development and manufacturing and substantially broader product lines and channels. To compete, we place strong emphasis on maintaining a high degree of technical competence as it relates to the development of new microwave products, we are highly selective in establishing technological objectives and focus our sales and marketing activities in the selected niche areas that are weakly served or underserved by our competitors. Competitors that make alternative equipment to the Giga-tronics Advanced Signal Generator & Analyzer (“ASGA”) system include ELCOM (a division of Frequency Electronics Inc.), VIAVI, and EWST (a division of Ultra Electronics Plc).

Northrop Grumman’s CEESIM and Textron System’s A2PATS simulators are two examples of traditionally architected simulation equipment that compete with the Giga-tronics TEmS solution, although their solutions are much larger in size and have a much higher selling price.

Fielded Solutions

An example of a traditional fielded simulator is Northrop Grumman’s Joint Threat Emitter (“JTE”). The JTE offers a high-fidelity replica of a potential adversary’s air defense RADAR for training combat pilots and improving air-crew survivability. Each JTE is designed to replicate specific threat radar signals, transmits at high-power levels, and cannot be easily reprogrammed to different threats. At nearly $8.0 million per unit, the JTE is very expensive for simulating a modern integrated air defense system and because it transmits at high power levels, its use is restricted. We believe our TEmS simulator has many advantages to Northrop’s JTE for range applications, including its portability, lower price point and relative ease of user programmability.

Sources and Availability of Raw Materials and Components

Substantially all the components required by Giga-tronics to make its assemblies are available from more than one source. We occasionally use sole source arrangements to obtain leading-edge technology or favorable pricing or supply terms, but not in any material volume. In our opinion, the loss of any sole source arrangement we have would not materially affect our operations, though we could experience production delays as we seek new suppliers or re-design components of our products. Some suppliers are also competitors of Giga-tronics. In the event a competitor-supplier chooses not to sell its products to us, production delays that could significantly affect our business could occur as we seek new suppliers or re-design components of our products.

Although extended delays in receipt of components from our suppliers could result in longer product delivery schedules for us, we attempt to mitigate this risk by dealing with well-established suppliers and maintaining good relationships with such suppliers.

Proprietary Technology and Intellectual Property

Our competitive position is largely dependent upon our ability to provide performance specifications for our instruments and systems that (a) effectively and reliably meet customers’ needs and (b) selectively surpass competitors’ specifications in competing products. While patents may provide protection of proprietary designs, with the rapid progress of technological development in our industry, such protection is often short-lived. Therefore, although we occasionally pursue patent coverage, we emphasize the development of new products with superior performance specifications and the upgrading of existing products toward this same end.

Our products are primarily based on our own designs, which are derived from our own engineering abilities. If our new product engineering efforts fall behind, our competitive position weakens. Conversely, effective product development greatly enhances our competitive status.

We have maintained three non-provisional patents related to our legacy 2500B parametric signal generator product line, which was not among the legacy product lines that have been sold. These patents describe advanced synthesis techniques and can be extended for use with the Giga-tronics ASGA system and to a number of Microsource synthesizer components. In February 2020, the Company was granted a non-provisional U.S. patent relating to its ASGA system. The patent describes the internal design of the Advanced Signal Generator and the Advanced Signal Analyzer along with the architecture of how the components work together to facilitate building multi-channel test systems with reduced size, weight and cost as compared to present solutions. A second non-provisional patent was granted in November 2020 describing uses of the ASGA system in high channel-count situations. A third non-provisional patent application which was filed in April 2020 describing how the ASGA achieves its low noise performance is currently pending before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

We are not substantially dependent on trademarks, licenses, or franchises. While we utilize certain software licenses in certain functional aspects for some of our products, such licenses are generally readily available, non-exclusive and are obtained at either no cost or for a relatively small fee.

Working Capital Practices

We generally strive to maintain adequate levels of inventory and we generally sell to customers on 30-day payment terms in the U.S. and generally allow more time for our international customers. Typically, we receive payment terms of 30 days from our suppliers. We believe that these practices are consistent with typical industry practices. Our primary sources of liquidity come from customer sales and our Amended and Restated Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank (“Financing Agreement”), both of which are dependent on our receipt and shipment of customer orders.

Dependence on a Limited Number of Customers

We are a supplier of RADAR filters for fighter jet aircrafts and RADAR/EW testing solutions to various U.S. government defense agencies, as well as to their prime contractors. We anticipate that revenue from U.S. government agencies and their prime contractors will remain the source of substantially all of our revenue in fiscal 2023. U.S. and international defense-related agencies and their prime contractors accounted for 100% of net revenue in fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021.

During fiscal 2022, one prime contractor in the Microsource segment accounted for 77% of our consolidated revenues and a second prime contractor in the Microsource segment accounted for 10% of our consolidated revenues.

During fiscal 2021, two prime contractors in the Microsource segment accounted for 66% of our consolidated revenues. A third customer accounted for 14% of our consolidated revenues during fiscal 2021 and was included in the Giga-tronics Division reporting segment.

Our business is therefore dependent on a limited number of customers. We could experience a material adverse effect on our financial stability if we were to lose one or more of our U.S. defense customers.

Both Microsource and our Giga-tronics Division businesses are largely dependent on U.S. defense spending and budgets and are subject to expansion and contraction across fiscal year periods. Revenues from orders for Microsource products and services often span several years with deliveries varying across both interim and annual fiscal year periods. Additionally, the Giga-tronics Division’s RADAR/EW testing system is a relatively new product platform with fewer targeted customers and significantly longer sales cycles and greater average selling prices compared to our prior general-purpose test and measurement equipment product lines. We therefore expect that a major customer in one year may not be a major customer in the following year. Accordingly, our net revenue and earnings may vary significantly from one period to the next and will decline if we are unable to gain new customers or cannot increase our business with other existing customers to replace declining net revenue from the previous year’s major customers.

Backlog of Orders

On March 26, 2022, our backlog of unfilled orders was approximately $1.4 million compared to approximately $5.1 million on March 27, 2021. Orders for our products include program orders from prime contractors with extended delivery dates. Accordingly, the backlog of orders may vary substantially from year to year and the backlog entering any single fiscal quarter may not be indicative of revenue for any period. In addition, the Company recognizes revenue for certain contracts as it incurs costs, as opposed to when units are delivered and, as a result, our backlog is reduced when such revenue recognition occurs.

Backlog includes only those customer orders for which a binding agreement exists, a delivery schedule has been agreed upon between us and our customer and, in the case of U.S. government orders, for which funding has been appropriated.

Sales and Marketing

Microsource and the Giga-tronics Division sell their products primarily direct to U.S. defense agencies and their prime defense contractors. The Company primarily relies on its internal sales teams to identify leads and complete sales. It also engages independent sales representatives who are perceived to have expertise with targeted markets and/or customers.

Product Development

Products manufactured by Giga-tronics historically have had relatively long product life cycles. However, the electronics industry is subject to rapid technological changes at the component level. Our future success is dependent on our ability to steadily incorporate new functionality and advancements in component technologies into our new products. In fiscal 2022 and fiscal 2021, product development expenses totaled approximately $1.2 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Our Microsource division’s products are designed for each customer’s unique requirements, generally at the customer’s expense.

Our Giga-tronics Division product development activities have historically been funded internally, through product line sales, or through outside equity investment and debt financing. Product development activities are primarily expensed as incurred except for capitalization of labor cost of $172,500 for internally developed software.

We expect to continue to make significant investments in research and development, the majority of which is focused within the Giga-tronics Division, though we expect some continuing investment in Microsource in order to develop concepts that lead to future customer funded projects and ultimately quantity production. There can be no assurance that future technologies, processes, or product developments will not render our current product offerings obsolete or that we will be able to develop and introduce new products or enhancements to existing products that satisfy customer needs in a timely manner or achieve market acceptance. Failure to do so could adversely affect our business.

Manufacturing

The Company assembles and tests Microsource and Giga-tronics Division products at its Dublin, California headquarters facility. Microsource develops and manufactures RADAR filters used in fighter jet aircrafts and low noise oscillators used in CIWS. Our Giga-tronics Division manufactures a family of functional test products and integrates those test products along with third-party hardware and software to create full test solutions for the RADAR/EW segment of the defense electronics market.

Environment

To the best of our knowledge, we are in compliance with all federal, state and local laws and regulations involving the protection of the environment.

Employees

As of March 26, 2022 and March 27, 2021, we employed 45 and 42 individuals on a full-time basis respectively. We believe that our future success depends on our ability to attract and retain skilled personnel. Competition for skilled personnel in our markets is competitive. While our size and capital resources constrain our ability to attract and retain employees with cash compensation, we attempt to compensate for this constraint by offering equity awards and opportunities for training and internal promotion. None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we consider our employee relations to be good.

Information about Foreign Operations

We have very limited revenues internationally. We sell to our international customers through a network of foreign technical sales representative organizations. All transactions with our international customers are in U.S. dollars.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our recent losses, limited liquidity and limited capital resources raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We incurred net losses of $2.7 million in fiscal 2022, and $0.4 million in fiscal 2021. These losses have contributed to an accumulated deficit of $34.0 million as of March 26, 2022.

Beginning in fiscal 2012, we invested primarily in the development of the EW test segment with modular microwave up and down converters, real-time TEmS solution and integrated playback and record solutions.

We initially sold our test solutions in laboratory settings. Competing against market incumbents in this segment has exposed greater than expected challenges. Consequently, our EW test sales have fallen short of our expectations due to the longer than expected time required to establish credibility and grow market share in the laboratory segment.

During fiscal 2021, we moved beyond the laboratory environment and pursued opportunities for open-air range applications for our TEmS solution. Market incumbents on these ranges offer single-purpose solutions because the applications being addressed are less data-intensive and narrower in their requirements compared to those in the laboratory environment. Giga-tronics successfully won sales into applications for air-crew training and air-to-ground missile testing.

Through March 26, 2022, the Company has spent over $24.0 million towards the development of the TEmS solution. During fiscal 2022, the Company only sold $610,000 of EW test products as compared to over $3 million in each of the prior two fiscal years due to the change in our market approach. These delays have contributed to a decrease in working capital from $3.5 million as of March 27, 2021 to $2.7 million as of March 26, 2022. During the same period, our inventory has increased by $1.3 million from $3.6 million as of March 27, 2021 to $4.9 million as of March 26, 2022.

These matters raise substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

To address these matters, our management has taken several actions to provide additional liquidity and business solutions. These actions are described in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Part II-Item 8,  “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” – Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, Note 2, Going Concern and Management’s Plan.

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic has adversely affected our business activities, financial condition and results of operations and may continue to do so.

The spread of COVID-19 and the resulting “shelter in place” and “stay at home” orders, travel restrictions and other precautions have caused severe disruptions in the U.S. economy, which have disrupted our business and may continue to do so for an undeterminable amount of time. These restrictions and measures and our efforts to act in the best interests of our employees have affected our business and operations by, among other things, causing temporary facility closures, production delays and capacity limitations; requiring modifications to our business processes; limiting our access to customers and their sites and physical facilities; requiring the implementation of social distancing measures that require changes to existing manufacturing processes; disrupting business travel; and increasing the risk that supply chains may be disrupted. These impacts have caused and may continue to cause delays in the receipt of customer orders, delays in product shipments and decreases in revenue, profitability, and cash flows from operations, which have caused and are expected to cause an adverse effect on our results of operations that may be material. With the availability of vaccines, we expect the negative impacts of the pandemic to continue to diminish going forward. However, the potential duration, future trajectory of reported cases and impact of the pandemic on the U.S. economy and on our business are difficult to predict and cannot be estimated with any degree of certainty.

We have significant working capital requirements and have experienced operating losses. If we continue to experience operating losses, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are dependent upon obtaining revenues from sales of our products and raising additional capital from investors to meet our working capital needs. Since 2011, we have relied on a series of sales of our preferred stock and common stock, product line sales and loans to fund our operating cash flow deficits. There is no assurance that we will generate the necessary net income or positive net operating cash flows to meet our working capital requirements and pay our debts as they become due in the future.

We incurred net losses of $2.7 million in fiscal 2022 and $393,000 in fiscal 2021. These losses have contributed to an accumulated deficit of $34.0 million as of March 26, 2022. Since fiscal year 2013, we have incurred expenditures of approximately $24.0 million for the development of our RADAR/EW system product platform. Although we have shipped RADAR/EW system products to several customers, potential delays in the development of additional product features and upgrades, longer than anticipated sales cycles, or the ability to generate shipments in significant quantities, could contribute to additional future losses and reduced liquidity.

If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our current operations and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited. The lack of adequate working capital from any inability to generate positive net cash flow from operations or to raise equity or debt financing could force us to discontinue, delay or suspend research and development activities, product lines, business segments or otherwise substantially curtail or cease operations and would, therefore, have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition. As a result, we may also be required to further reduce expenses if our RADAR/EW product platform sales goals are not achieved and could, for example, choose to focus solely on our Microsource segment, which we expect to be more predictable and profitable than our Giga-tronics business segment, to generate revenue and cash from operating activities. As part of such a restructuring, management believes the microwave components which the Company developed for the RADAR/EW test systems in the Giga-tronics business segment could be a source of growth for the Microsource segment.

We may require additional capital to support our current operations and this capital may not been readily available.

To support our operations and to bring our RADAR/EW product platform to its full potential, we may need to seek additional working capital; however, there are no assurances that such working capital will be available, or available on terms acceptable to us. Our history of losses, changes to our product focus and the development of new products makes it difficult to evaluate our current business outlook and future prospects. Accordingly, investors should consider our prospects in light of the costs, uncertainties, delays and difficulties frequently encountered by companies developing new products as we have, in fact, encountered. In particular, there is a significant risk that we will not be able to:

If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our existing capital stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. In addition, to the extent we satisfy our working capital needs by incurring additional debt, our operating cash flow may suffer in order to satisfy debt service obligations.

The Exchange Agreement with BitNile and Gresham limits the Company's ability to sell additional shares of stock or incur additional indebtedness without BitNile’s consent. These restrictions may prevent us from issuing shares of stock or borrowing to meet our capital needs.

Furthermore, we cannot assure that any necessary financing, if available, would be available on attractive terms. If our financial condition were to worsen and we were unable to attract additional equity or debt financing or enter other strategic transactions, we could become insolvent or be forced to declare bankruptcy, and we would not be able to execute our growth strategy. 

Our sales cycles can be long and unpredictable, and our sales efforts require considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales and revenue are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate significantly.

The timing of our revenues is difficult to predict. Factors that may contribute to these fluctuations include our dependence on the defense industry, a limited number of customers, the nature and length of our sales cycles for our products and services, the duration and delivery schedules within our customer contracts and our ability to timely develop, produce and upgrade our products.

Most of our revenues result from a limited number of relatively large orders that we receive from prime defense contractors and government agencies. We spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will produce any sales. In addition, purchases of our products are frequently subject to budget constraints (including constraints imposed by governmental agencies), multiple approvals, and unplanned administrative, processing and other delays. Even if we receive a purchase order from a customer, there may be circumstances or terms relating to the purchase that delay our ability to recognize revenue from that purchase, which makes our revenue difficult to forecast. As a result, it is difficult to predict whether a sale will be completed, the particular fiscal period in which a sale will be completed or the fiscal period in which revenue from a sale will be recognized. For these reasons, our operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter. Such unpredictable operating results may adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.

Our sales are substantially dependent on the defense industry and a limited number of customers.

All of our current product and service offerings are directed towards the defense marketplace, which has a limited number of customers. If the defense market demand decreases, our sales may be less than projected with a resulting decline in revenues. As a result, our business depends upon continued U.S. government expenditures on defense systems for which we provide support. These expenditures have not remained constant over time and have been reduced in some periods. Our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and the trading price of our common stock could be materially harmed, among other causes, by the following:

Additionally, the loss of any one customer may have a material adverse effect on future operating results and financial condition. Our product backlog also has a number of risks and uncertainties such as the cancellation or deferral of orders, dispute over performance of our products and our ability to collect amounts due under these orders. If any of these events were to occur, actual shipments could be lower than projected and revenues could decline which would have an adverse effect on our operating results and liquidity.

If our reputation or relationships with the U.S. Federal Government or the limited number of defense contractors with whom we work were harmed, our future revenues and cash flows would be adversely affected.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from the U.S. Federal Government, its agencies and several defense contractors that supply them. Approximately $22 million of our total combined revenues for the two fiscal years ended March 26, 2022 and March 27, 2021 were derived from contracts with the U.S. Federal Government and its agencies, either directly or through defense contractors with whom we have contracted. Our reputation and relationships with various U.S. government entities and agencies, in particular with the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Navy, and the limited number of defense contractors serving these agencies, are key factors in maintaining and growing these revenues and winning bids for new business. Negative press reports or publicity, regardless of accuracy, could harm our reputation. If our reputation or relationships with government agencies were to be negatively affected, or if we are suspended or debarred from contracting with government agencies for any reason, the amount of business with government and other customers would decrease and our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity may be negatively impacted by increased levels of inflation. The Company is not able to predict the timing and effect of inflation, or its duration and severity. Inflation may cause our costs to purchase inventory to be higher than we planned, and we may not be able to sell our products to our customers at correspondingly increased prices, resulting in decreased profit margins.

Our failure to comply with a variety of complex procurement rules and regulations could result in delays of sales or shipments or our liability for penalties, including termination of our government contracts, disqualification from bidding on future government contracts and suspension or debarment from government contracting.

We must comply with various laws and regulations relating to the formation, administration and performance of government contracts, which affect how we do business with our customers and may impose added costs on our business. Our customers may also require that we adopt and maintain procedures affecting our operations, such as information security measures. If we experience difficulty or are unable to comply with these requirements, we could face delays in the receipt of orders, production of products and performance of services and sales, or the loss of any of these.

Some U.S. federal statutes and regulations provide for penalties, including automatic debarment based on actions such as violations of the U.S. False Claims Act or the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The suspension or debarment in any particular case may be limited to a facility, contract or subsidiary involved in the violation or could be applied to our entire Company in severe circumstances. Even a narrow scope suspension or debarment could result in negative publicity that could adversely affect our ability to renew contracts and to secure new contracts, both with governments and private customers, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. 

Our markets involve rapidly changing technology and standards.

The market for electronics equipment is characterized by rapidly changing technology and evolving industry standards. We believe that our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to develop, manufacture and successfully introduce new products and product lines with improved performance capabilities, and to continue to upgrade or enhance our existing products. There can be no assurance that we will successfully complete the development or enhancement of current or future products, or that such products will achieve sufficient market acceptance. The inability to develop new products or enhance existing products in a timely manner and to achieve sustained commercial market acceptance could have a material adverse impact on our operating performance and liquidity.

Performance problems in our products or problems arising from the use of our products together with other vendors’ products may harm our business and reputation.

Products as complex as those we produce may contain unknown and undetected defects or performance problems. For example, it is possible that one of our products might not comply with stipulated specifications under all circumstances. In addition, our customers generally use our products together with their own products and products from other vendors. As a result, when problems occur in a combined equipment environment, it may be difficult to identify the source of the problem. A defect or performance problem could result in lost revenues, increased warranty costs, diversion of engineering and management time and effort, impaired customer relationships and injury to our reputation generally.

Our RADAR/EW testing system products are complex and could have unknown defects or errors, which may increase our costs, harm our reputation with customers, give rise to costly litigation, or divert our resources from other purposes.

Our RADAR/EW testing system products are extremely complex. Despite testing, our initial products contained defects and errors and may in the future contain defects, errors or performance problems following the sale or when new versions or enhancements are released, or even after these products have been used by our customers for a period of time. These problems could result in expensive and time-consuming design modifications or warranty charges, delays in the introduction of new products or enhancements, significant increases in our service and maintenance costs, diversion of our personnel’s attention from our product development and sales efforts, exposure to liability for damages, damaged customer relationships, and harm to our reputation, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. In addition, increased development and warranty costs could be substantial and could reduce our operating margins.

Our products contain components produced by suppliers which may be discontinued, subject to supply constraints or no longer available in future periods, which could require that we redesign product components, lead to production delays and adversely impact our operating results and financial condition.

Certain components produced by our suppliers may be discontinued, subject to supply constraints or no longer available to us to produce our products. Such discontinuations or lack of supply could require us to seek replacement components that may take longer and cost more than initially expected to procure, redesign our products for different components and/or delay production of our products unless supplies become available, any of which could lead to delays in product sales and deliveries and, in turn, delayed or lost revenue.

If we fail to maintain satisfactory compliance with quality certifications and classified processing, cybersecurity and control standards, product deliveries may be delayed or cancelled which would adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

Some of our customer contracts require that we maintain quality certifications and classified processing, cybersecurity and control standards. If we were unable to maintain such certifications and standards, our product shipments may be delayed or orders could be delayed or cancelled, any of which would cause us to lose business or brand reputation, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business operating results and financial condition.

If we are deemed to infringe on the proprietary rights of third parties, we could incur unanticipated expense and be prevented from providing our products and services to customers.

We could be subject to intellectual property infringement claims as the number of our competitors grows and if our products or the functionality of our products overlap with patents of our competitors. While we do not currently believe that we have infringed or are infringing on any proprietary rights of third parties, we cannot assure you that infringement claims will not be asserted against us or that those claims will be unsuccessful. We could incur substantial costs and diversion of management resources defending any infringement claims whether or not such claims are ultimately successful, even if such claims are meritless. Furthermore, a party making a claim against us could secure a judgment awarding substantial damages, as well as injunctive or other equitable relief that could effectively block our ability to provide products or services. We may not prevail in litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in intellectual property litigation. If litigation results in an adverse ruling, we could be required to:

We face risks related to production delays, delays of customer orders and the relatively high selling price of our RADAR/EW testing platform.

Our RADAR/EW testing platform has been our primary product development focus for the last several years, however, delays in completing its initial development, together with early design and manufacturing issues and longer than anticipated sales cycles have contributed to our losses and increased our accumulated deficit as of March 26, 2022. Additionally, the average selling price of our RADAR/EW system is considerably higher than our prior general-purpose test and measurement products, which requires additional internal approvals on the part of the customer and generally leads to longer sales cycles. Our financial condition may also cause potential customers to delay, postpone or decide against placing orders for our products. Continued longer than anticipated sales cycles in future fiscal years, or delays in production and shipping volume quantities, could have a material adverse impact on our operating results and liquidity.

Our business depends on our intellectual property rights and, if we are unable to protect them, our competitive position may suffer.

Our business plan is predicated on our proprietary technology. Accordingly, protecting our intellectual property rights is critical to our continued success and our ability to maintain our competitive position. Our goal is to protect our proprietary rights through a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law, confidentiality agreements and technical measures. We generally enter into non-disclosure agreements with our employees, consultants and suppliers and limit access to our trade secrets and technology. We cannot provide assurance that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our technology. Misappropriation of our intellectual property could have an adverse effect on our competitive position, financial condition and results of operations.

Our competitors have greater resources.

Several of our competitors, including, among others, Northrup Grumman/Amherst, Textron/AAI, Keysight, Rohde & Schwarz and National Instruments have substantially greater research and development, manufacturing, marketing, financial, technological personnel and managerial resources than us. These resources also make these competitors better able to withstand difficult market conditions than us. We cannot provide assurance that any products developed by these competitors will not gain greater market acceptance than any developed by us.

Business interruptions could delay or prevent our business activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our primary facility and headquarters is located in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and is vulnerable to significant damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to other natural disasters, epidemics, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and other events that could disrupt our operations that may be beyond our control. We do not carry insurance for earthquakes and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, cash flows and success as an overall business.

If we experience a significant cybersecurity attack or disruption in our IT systems, our business, reputation and operating results could be adversely affected.

We rely on an internal information technology (“IT”) system monitored by certain internal employees to maintain our IT systems; maintain financial records; retain sensitive data, such as intellectual property, proprietary business information, and data related to customers, and suppliers; process orders; manage inventory; process shipments to customers; and operate other critical functions. The ongoing maintenance and security of this information is critical to the classified processing and control standards that our suppliers require us to maintain and the success of our business operations and our strategic goals.

Despite our implementation of network security measures, our network may be vulnerable to cybersecurity attacks, computer viruses, break-ins and similar disruptions. Our network security measures include, but are not limited to, the implementation of firewalls, antivirus protection, patches, log monitors, routine backups, offsite storage, network audits, and routine updates and modifications. Despite our efforts to create these security barriers, we may not be able to keep pace as new threats emerge and it is virtually impossible for us to entirely eliminate this risk. Cybersecurity attacks are evolving and include, but are not limited to, malicious software, attempts to gain unauthorized access to data, and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, operating results and financial condition, and no assurance can be given that our efforts to reduce the risk of such attacks will be successful. 

In addition, our IT systems may be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Such events could result in the disruption of business processes, network degradation and system downtime, along with the potential that a third-party will exploit our critical assets such as intellectual property, proprietary business information and data related to our customers, suppliers and business partners. To the extent that such disruptions occur, our customers and suppliers may lose confidence in our solutions and we may lose business or brand reputation, resulting in a material and adverse effect on our business operating results and financial condition.

Risks Related to the Proposed Share Exchange

Combining Giga-tronics and Gresham may be more difficult, costly or time consuming than expected and the anticipated benefits of the transaction may not be realized.

Giga-tronics and Gresham have operated and, until the completion of the Share Exchange, will continue to operate independently. The success of the proposed transaction will depend in part on the ability to realize efficiencies and synergies from combining the businesses of Giga-tronics and Gresham. To realize the anticipated benefits, Gresham and Giga-tronics must successfully integrate and combine their businesses in a manner that permits growth opportunities and does not materially disrupt their existing businesses. It is possible that the integration process could result in the loss of key employees, the disruption of either company’s ongoing businesses or inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies that adversely affect the combined company’s ability to maintain relationships with customers and employees or to achieve the anticipated benefits. If Giga-tronics experiences difficulties with the integration process, the anticipated benefits may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected. Integration efforts between the two companies will also divert management attention and resources. These integration matters could have an adverse effect on Giga-tronics during this transition period and for an undetermined period after the Share Exchange is completed.

Termination of the Exchange Agreement could negatively impact Giga-tronics.

If the Exchange Agreement is terminated, there may adverse consequences to Giga-tronics. For example, Giga-tronics’ business may have been adversely impacted by the failure to pursue other beneficial opportunities due to the focus of management on the Share Exchange, without realizing any of the anticipated benefits of completing the transaction. Also, Giga-tronics has incurred significant expenses in connection with and has devoted significant internal resources to the pursuit of the Share Exchange but the expected benefit of those investments will not be realized if the Share Exchange is not completed. Additionally, if the Exchange Agreement is terminated, the market price of Giga-tronics’ common stock could decline to the extent that the current market prices reflect an expectation that the Share Exchange will be completed. If the Exchange Agreement is terminated under certain circumstances, Giga-tronics may be required to pay to Gresham a termination fee of $1.0 million, Gresham’s warrant to acquire 433,333 shares of Giga-tronics common stock may become exercisable and Giga-tronics maybe required to immediately repay the $1.3 million loan received from a subsidiary of BitNile.

Giga-tronics will be subject to business uncertainties and contractual restrictions while the Share Exchange is pending that could adversely affect Giga-tronics’ business and operations.

Subject to certain exceptions, Giga-tronics has agreed to operate its business in the ordinary course prior to completing the Share Exchange and to refrain from taking certain actions, such as selling shares of stock or incurring additional indebtedness without BitNile’s consent. These restrictions may prevent Giga-tronics from pursuing attractive business opportunities that may arise prior to the completion of the Share Exchange. These restrictions may also prevent Giga-tronics from selling shares of stock or borrowing to meet its capital needs.

In addition, uncertainty about the effect of the Share Exchange on customers, employees and others may have an adverse effect on Giga-tronics’ business, operations, and stock price. These uncertainties may impair Giga-tronics’ ability to attract, retain and motivate key personnel until the transaction is completed.

Giga-tronics has and will continue to incur substantial expenses related to the Share Exchange and related transactions.

Giga-tronics has incurred and expects to incur a number of significant non-recurring costs related to the Share Exchange and the related transactions, such as the anticipated reserve split of Giga-tronics common stock, the Delaware reincorporation, the public offering and the Nasdaq listing. These costs include legal, financial advisory, accounting, consulting, and other advisory fees, severance/employee benefit-related costs, filing fees, financial and other printing costs, and other related costs. Some of these costs are payable regardless of whether the Share Exchange is completed. There can be no assurances that the expected benefits related to the integration of the businesses will be realized to offset these transaction costs.

The Exchange Agreement limits Giga-tronics’ ability to pursue acquisition proposals.

The Exchange Agreement generally prohibits Giga-tronics from soliciting, initiating, encouraging or facilitating certain third‑party acquisition proposals. These provisions, which could result in a $1.0 million termination fee payable under certain circumstances and Gresham’s warrant to purchase 433,333 shares of Giga-tronics common stock becoming exercisable, might discourage a potential acquirer that might otherwise have an interest in acquiring all or a significant part of Giga-tronics from considering or proposing such an acquisition.

Risks Related to Investing in Our Securities

Our common stock is quoted on the Over-the-Counter Market and trading volumes have been limited.

As compared to a larger stock market with greater liquidity, our common stock is quoted on the OTCQB^® Venture Market (“OTCQB”) which is the middle tier of the OTC Markets Group, reserved for companies that are registered and reporting with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or a U.S. banking regulator. The volume of trading of our common stock on the OTCQB has been very thin. Therefore, an investor might find it more difficult than it would be on a larger stock exchange to dispose of, or to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of, our securities.

We cannot be certain that a more active trading market will develop or, if developed, be sustained. We also cannot be certain that purchasers of our common stock will be able to resell their common stock at prices equal to or greater than their purchase price. The development of a public market having the desirable characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the presence in the marketplace of a sufficient number of willing buyers and sellers at any given time. We do not have any control over whether there will be sufficient numbers of buyers and sellers. Accordingly, we cannot be certain that an established and liquid market for our common stock will develop or be maintained. The market price of our common stock could experience significant fluctuations in response to our operating results and other factors. In addition, the stock market, in recent years, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that often have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of individual companies. These fluctuations, and general economic and market conditions, may cause the market price of our common stock to vary substantially.

The trading price of our common stock may make it more difficult for you to trade shares of our common stock.

We could become subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rule if we fail to meet certain financial criteria set forth in the rule. If we become subject to the SEC’s penny stock rule, the rule would impose various sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. For these types of transactions, the broker-dealer would have to make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to sale. Consequently, if it were to apply to us, the rule could have an adverse effect on the ability of broker-dealers to sell our securities and could affect the ability of our shareholders to buy and sell our securities in the secondary market. If our common stock were to become a “penny stock” within the meaning of the rule, additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers may discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our common stock, which could reduce the liquidity of our common stock and have a material adverse effect on the trading market for our common stock.

While our common stock is currently not subject to the SEC’s penny stock rule, some broker-dealers may nonetheless choose to not allow incoming transfers of our shares from other brokerage accounts or limit your ability to trade shares of our common stock, which could make it more difficult for you to sell your shares, as well as having a material adverse effect on the trading market for our common stock.

Our common stock ranks junior to all of our preferred stock and indebtedness.

As of March 26, 2022, our outstanding preferred shares had an aggregate liquidation preference of $3.6 million and we had an aggregate of $4.3 million in debt and other liabilities including long term lease obligations.

In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation or winding-up, our assets will be available to make payments to holders of our common stock only after all of our indebtedness and other liabilities and all of the liquidation preferences on any then outstanding Series B, Series C, Series D and Series E preferred stock have been paid. Consequently, if we are forced to liquidate our assets to pay our creditors, we may not have sufficient assets remaining to pay amounts to the holders of shares of our common stock then issued and outstanding.

We have a significant number of outstanding warrants, options and shares of convertible preferred stock, which may cause significant dilution to our shareholders, adversely impact the market price of our common stock and make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future equity offerings.

As of March 26, 2022, we had 2,767,230 shares of common stock outstanding. In addition, as of that date we had outstanding warrants to acquire 530,214 shares of common stock, outstanding options to acquire 353,037 shares of common stock and shares of convertible preferred stock convertible into an aggregate of 156,544 shares of common stock. The issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of warrants or options or conversion of preferred stock would dilute the percentage ownership interest of all holders of our common stock, might dilute the book value per share of our common stock and would increase the number of our publicly traded shares, which could depress the market price of our common stock.

The fact that our shareholders, warrant holders and option holders could sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, whether or not sales have occurred or are occurring, could make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through the sale of equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate, or at all. 

We may issue additional shares of common or preferred stock in the future, which could dilute a shareholder’s ownership of common stock.

Our articles of incorporation authorize our Board of Directors, generally without shareholder approval, to, among other things, issue additional shares of common or preferred stock. The issuance of any additional shares of common or preferred stock would be dilutive to an existing shareholder’s ownership of our common stock. The issuance of preferred stock could impair the voting, dividend and liquidation rights of common shareholders without their approval. To the extent that we issue options or warrants to purchase common stock in the future and the options or warrants are exercised, our shareholders may experience further dilution. Holders of shares of our common stock have no preemptive rights that entitle holders to purchase their pro rata share of any offering of shares of any class or series and, therefore, shareholders may not be permitted to invest in future issuances of our common or preferred stock. 

We do not intend to pay cash dividends to our shareholders, so you will not receive any return on your investment in our common stock prior to selling your interest in the Company.

We have never paid any dividends to our common shareholders and do not foresee doing so. We currently intend to retain any future earnings for funding growth and, therefore, do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. If we determine that we will pay cash dividends to the holders of our common stock, we cannot assure that such cash dividends will be paid on a regular basis. The success of your investment in our common stock will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation. As a result, you will not receive any return on your investment prior to selling your common stock and, for the other reasons discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and in the “Risk Factors” section of the documents incorporated herein by reference, you may not receive any return on your investment even when you sell your shares.

General Risk Factors

The preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates that may vary from actual results.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make significant estimates that affect the financial statements. For example, we are required to make estimates about, among other things, accruals, inventory reserves, revenue and lease accounting as well as long-lived assets. Due to the inherent nature of these estimates, we may be required to significantly increase or decrease such estimates upon determination of the actual results. Any required adjustments could have a material adverse effect on us, our results of operations and the trading price of our common stock.

We are dependent on our management team and development and operations personnel, and the loss of one or more key employees or groups could harm our business and prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner.

Our success depends substantially upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key members of management. From time to time, there may be changes in our executive management team resulting from the hiring or departure of executives. Such changes in our executive management team may be disruptive to our business. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of our existing development and operations personnel because of the complexity of our service and technologies. Staffing due to the loss of one or more of our key employees or groups could be expensive, divert management’s attention from executing our business plan and could seriously harm our business. Furthermore, possible shortages of key personnel, including engineers, in the area surrounding our facilities could require us to pay more to hire and retain key personnel, thereby increasing our costs.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. Any inability to accurately and timely report and file our financial results could harm our reputation and adversely impact the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, we may not be able to manage our business as effectively as we would if an effective control environment existed, and our business and reputation with investors may be harmed. As a result, any internal control deficiencies may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and access to capital.

Our stock price is volatile.

The market price of our common stock has been and is likely to be highly volatile and could fluctuate widely in price in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

In addition, the securities markets have from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Our stock has historically traded on low volume on the OTCQB and, previously, on the Nasdaq Capital Market. Market and volume fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market.

From time to time, our shareholders may decide to sell some or all of their shares of common stock that they currently hold or could acquire upon the conversion of our preferred stock or exercise of warrants or other derivative securities by means of ordinary brokerage transactions in the open market. Any substantial sale of our common stock may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our principal executive offices along with our marketing, sales, and engineering offices and manufacturing facilities are located in a 23,873 square foot facility in Dublin, California, which we leased on January 5, 2017 and began occupying in April 2017 under a lease agreement which expires in August 2023.

We maintain a second engineering office located in a 1,200 square foot facility in Nashua, New Hampshire, which we first leased on February 1, 2019 under a lease agreement which expires on January 31, 2022. Effective March 1, 2020, we amended and replaced the original lease agreement to increase the Nashua facility to 2,400 square feet and extend the expiration date to February 28, 2023.

We believe that our California and New Hampshire facilities are adequate for our business activities.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of March 26, 2022, the Company had no pending legal proceedings.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Common Stock Market Prices

Our common stock is traded on the OTCQB using the symbol “GIGA”. The number of record holders of our common stock as of March 26, 2022 was approximately 100. A significantly larger number of shareholders may be “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. The table below shows the high and low closing bid quotations for the common stock during the indicated fiscal periods. These quotations reflect inter-dealer prices without mark-ups, mark-downs, or commission and may not reflect actual transactions.

We have not paid cash dividends on our common stock in the past and have no current plans to do so in the future, believing our available capital is best used to fund our operations, including product development and enhancements. In addition, in the absence of positive retained earnings, California law permits payment of cash dividends on our common stock only to the extent total assets exceed the sum of total liabilities and the liquidation preference amounts of preferred securities. On March 26, 2022, the Company’s assets were more than this sum by $11,000. Our shares of Series E preferred stock provide for semi-annual 6% cumulative cash dividends based on the original purchase price of $25.00 per share, however we may exercise our right to pay any such dividends in shares of our common stock instead of cash.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table provides information on options and other equity rights outstanding and available under the Company’s equity compensation plans as of March 26, 2022.

Issuer Repurchases

We did not repurchase any of our equity securities during our fiscal years ended March 26, 2022 and March 27, 2021.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Pursuant to Item 301(c) of Regulation S-K, the Company, as a smaller reporting company, is not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

Giga-tronics manufactures specialized electronic equipment for use in both military test and airborne operational applications. Our operations consist of two business segments, those of our wholly owned subsidiary, Microsource Inc., and those of our Giga-tronics Division. Our Microsource segment designs and manufactures custom microwave products for military airborne applications while the Giga-tronics Division designs and manufactures real time solutions for RADAR/EW test applications.

Our Microsource subsidiary generates revenue through sole-source production contracts for custom engineered components funded by the U.S. Federal Government. Microsource revenue for fiscal year 2022 was $8.3 million from the delivery of RADAR filters for the F-15D, F-16 and F/A-18E aircrafts. These filters solve an interference problem that occurs between the aircraft’s radar system and the onboard electronic warfare suite when these older aircrafts receive upgraded radar systems. The engineering of each filter variant was funded by the U.S. Government indirectly through prime contractors, including filters for foreign military sales.

Orders for Microsource components are typically between $1.0 million to $5.0 million each and involve production contracts where the period of performance spans multiple years. We believe opportunities exist for expanding the use of our Microsource RADAR filters by offering to design variants, such as for use in other aircraft or in situations where the electronic warfare suite is externally mounted on a pylon rather than onboard the aircraft. Microsource will also pursue development contracts for adapting the Company’s ASGA technology for the benefit of customers who will appreciate faster operation of our RADAR filters, representing a potential source of new revenue as customers upgrade their installed base. In addition, from time-to-time, the Company may pursue adding third party sole-source component revenue though acquisition.

Our Giga-tronics Division participates in the EW test segment with modular microwave up and down converters, our real-time TEmS solution and integrated playback and record solutions. The Giga-tronics solutions are architected like a RADAR system but built like a test system. This approach differentiates TEmS from the other suppliers' products and provides a better correlation between laboratory tests and actual field results. The platform was specifically designed to address the need for multiple test channels and delivers a product that is smaller, more flexible, easier to use and lower in cost than those previously available.

Orders for Giga-tronics EW test solutions are relatively large, tend to be sporadic and typically involve a long and consultive sales process. Competing against market incumbents has exposed greater than expected challenges in displacing them in laboratory settings. We have achieved limited success to date because existing solutions offer extensive test capability with a record of success built over years of use. These larger and higher cost multi-purpose solutions have become the accepted standard and customers face substantial risk switching to a new solution on a large-scale basis. Consequently, our EW test sales have fallen short of our expectations due to the longer than expected time required to establish credibility and grow market share in the laboratory segment.

During fiscal 2021, we moved beyond the laboratory environment and pursued opportunities for open-air range applications for our TEmS solution. Market incumbents on these ranges offer single-purpose solutions because the applications being addressed are less data-intensive and narrower in their requirements compared to those in the laboratory environment. During fiscal 2022, Giga-tronics successfully won sales into applications for air-crew training and air-to-ground missile testing. We believe our initial success in the market for open-air range application results in part because customers only need to compare our accuracy and fidelity against a competing single purpose solution rather than the extensive capability offered by competing laboratory solutions. We believe, the Giga-tronics solution is also competitive with incumbent open-air solutions due to its lower price point, smaller size, and relative ease of use. Our early success in applications for air-crew training and air-to-ground missile testing leads us to believe that we can grow our market share faster in this segment compared to laboratory settings. Management expects that additional sales for air-crew training and field testing on ranges throughout the country represent an opportunity for the growth of the Company’s EW test business revenue in fiscal 2023.

COVID-19 Impact

Following the initial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, Giga-tronics was identified early on as an essential business by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security due to the importance of our Microsource RADAR filters to the U.S. Department of Defense. The Company restored operations as quickly as feasible while taking the necessary steps to protect our employees from potential harm. Although Giga-tronics experienced a relatively brief shutdown period in late fiscal 2020, the impact was nevertheless significant financially as we had to absorb all of our overhead expenses without any offsetting shipments during that period. During fiscal 2021, Giga-tronics applied for and received a loan of $786,200 from the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) associated with the U.S. Government’s Payroll Protection Program. The loan, including all accrued interest, was subsequently forgiven in November 2020 and was recorded as a gain on extinguishment of debt during our third quarter of fiscal 2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on our ability to directly interact in person with customers at the end of fiscal 2020 and throughout most of fiscal 2021. Consequently, the progress in demonstrating solutions to customers and increasing awareness of Giga-tronics within the user community was delayed. Furthermore, we were unable to discuss customer needs and how our solutions could solve their problems as the military bases blocked outside personnel from visiting and mandated many of their personnel to work from home. In addition, travel restrictions made it difficult for our sales team to visit locations throughout the country due to mandatory quarantine periods.

The pandemic also impacted our supply chain during most of fiscal 2021 and fiscal 2022. Many of our suppliers have indicated similar challenges in keeping their own operations running and management believes there may still be some residual delays in fulfilling orders due limited availability of parts and services. We expect this situation to improve throughout fiscal 2023.

While we expect the impact of COVID-19 to be temporary, the disruptions caused by the pandemic negatively impacted our revenue and results from operations beginning in March of 2020 and throughout most of fiscal year 2021 and 2022. Looking ahead, we see that our sales team is better able to interact with and demonstrate our solutions to customers, and as a result we anticipate a positive impact on orders for our Giga-tronics EW test solutions in fiscal year 2023.

Results of Operations

For the fiscal year ended March 26, 2022 compared to the fiscal year ended March 27, 2021

New orders by reporting segments are as follows for the fiscal years ended:

The RADAR/EW test products orders decreased by 78% over the prior year. While we believe that we have a superior product for range applications as described above, we encountered delays in the procurement process for our systems. Legacy product orders increased by $251,000 due to an end-of-life purchase for our signal generators. Microsource orders decreased by 50% primarily due to timing differences of the placement of large orders which typically have scheduled deliveries (and revenue recognition) covering multiple fiscal year periods.

Backlog by reporting segment are as follows for the fiscal years ended:

The allocation of Net revenue by reporting segment was as follows for the fiscal years shown:

Net revenue for fiscal 2022 was $9.0 million, a decrease of 31%, compared to $13.1 million for fiscal 2021. The majority of the net revenue decrease in fiscal 2022 was attributable to the Giga-tronics Division which decreased by $2.9 million due to the lack of orders described above. The decrease in Microsource revenue in fiscal 2022 was primarily due to the lack of new orders.

Cost of revenue and Gross profit by reporting segment were as follow for the fiscal years shown:

The cost of revenue of the Giga-tronics Division was $627,000 or 7% of total revenue and 81% of its revenue. Giga-tronics Division revenues were adversely impacted by the low volume of shipments resulting in high material costs and large variances. The cost of revenue for Microsource was $5.1 million or 57% of total revenue and 62% of its revenue. The gross profit for the Company decreased marginally by 2% over the prior fiscal year due to a higher percentage of Microsource revenue in fiscal 2022. Total gross profits for fiscal 2022 was $3.3 million with a 36% gross margins.

Operating expenses were as follows for the fiscal years shown:

Total operating expenses in fiscal 2022 decreased 3% to $5.9 million from $6.0 million in fiscal 2021. Engineering expenses decreased by $1.0 million or 46% during fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to an engineering services contract which caused engineering expenses to be charged to cost of revenue, as well as due to the engineering hours charged to capitalization of software, lower consulting expenses and reduction in personnel expenses on account of lower headcount. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 6% or $216,000 primarily due to increased personnel related expenses including the addition of staffing in sales and additional stock-based compensation. In addition, we incurred $611,000 of transaction expenses related to the proposed Exchange Transaction with BitNile. (See Note 20 - Share Exchange Agreement with BitNile and Gresham.)

Exchange Transaction expenses were as follows for fiscal year 2022

Exchange Transaction expenses 

(Dollars in thousands)

Of the $611,000 of Exchange Transaction related costs incurred during fiscal 2022, $523,000 and $88,000 were recognized as Selling, general and administrative expenses and cost of revenues, respectively.

Interest expense, net and other were as follows for the fiscal years shown:

The Company received a Paycheck Protection Program Loan (“PPP Loan”) of $786,000 in April 2020 which was forgiven along with corresponding interest of $4,521 in November 2020.

Interest expense, net in fiscal 2022 was $52,000, a decrease of $45,000 from fiscal 2021. Interest expense decreased primarily due to lower outstanding borrowings under a term loan which was fully repaid at the end of fiscal 2021.

The deemed dividend on the Series E preferred shares was $53,000 in fiscal 2022 as compared to $14,000 in fiscal 2021 due to the conversion of E-series preferred shares to common shares in fiscal 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company incurred net losses of $2.7 million and $0.4 million in fiscal years 2021 and 2022, respectively. These losses have contributed to an accumulated deficit of $34.0 million as of March 26, 2022. The Company has also experienced delays in receipt of orders for the EW test system products. These delays have contributed, in part, to the losses, decrease in working capital and increase in inventories.

Our primary sources of liquidity come from customer sales and our Financing Agreement, both of which are dependent on our receipt and shipment of customer orders, and capital raised from investors and lenders. Therefore, if we are unable to maintain sufficient levels of liquidity solely from sales to customers and borrowings under the Financing Agreement, we may be required to seek funding from other sources.

The Company’s limitation in resources as a small public company has caused it to reevaluate its future alternatives and as a result, has entered into the Exchange Agreement (See Note 20 - Share Exchange Agreement with BitNile and Gresham). To address our liquidity needs in the near term, we entered into a loan agreement with Digital Power Lending, LLC (“DPL”), an affiliate of BitNile, the parent company of Gresham and borrowed $500,000 on November 12, 2021. On January 7, 2022, the parties amended this loan agreement which allowed the Company to borrow an additional $300,000 (See Note 7 – Term Loans). On April 5, 2022, the parties amended this loan agreement which allowed the Company to borrow an additional $500,000, for a total of $1,300,000 (See Note 21 – Subsequent Events).

The Exchange Agreement provides that following our combination with of Gresham, we will pursue an underwritten public offering of $25 million of our common stock. BitNile has agreed to purchase up to $5.75 million of common stock in the public offering and simultaneously therewith, to convert $4.25 million of indebtedness that BitNile has agreed to lend to us upon the closing of our acquisition of Gresham. There can be no assurance that we will successfully complete the acquisition of Gresham or the public offering or that additional financing will be available to us in the future.

We have also put in place a plan as a standalone company and plan to repay the loan to BitNile in November 2022 without raising additional funding because of the large inventory on hand for the TEmS solution, which will result in cash with sales of TEmS.

Management will continue to review all aspects of its business including, but not limited to, the contribution of its individual business segments, in an effort to improve cash flow and reduce costs and expenses, while continuing to invest, to the extent possible, in new product development for future revenue streams.

Our historical operating results and forecasting uncertainties indicate that substantial doubt exists related to our ability to continue as a going concern. Management believes that through the actions to date and possible future actions described above, we should have the necessary liquidity to continue operations at least twelve months from the issuance of the financial statements. However, we cannot predict, with certainty, the outcome of our actions to maintain or generate additional liquidity, including the availability of additional financing, or whether such actions would generate the expected liquidity as currently planned. Forecasting uncertainties also exist with respect to our EW test system product line due to the potential longer than anticipated sales cycles.

Therefore, the accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern; however, the above conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to do so. The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements do not include any adjustments that might result if we were unable to do so.

Cash Flows

The following summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated has been derived from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this filing:

Our cash balance decreased by $711,000 during fiscal 2022 primarily due to cash used in operating activities of $2.4 million, which was partially offset by $1.7 million in cash provided by financing activities.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

During fiscal 2022, we used cash of $2.4 million in operating activities, which was primarily the result of the loss of $2.7 million and the build-up of inventory of $1.3 million.

We expect that cash flows from operating activities will fluctuate in future periods due to a number of factors including our level of revenue, which fluctuates significantly from one period to another due to the timing of receipt of contracts, operating results, amounts of non-cash charges, and the timing of our product shipments, inventory purchases, billings, collections and disbursements.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

During fiscal 2022, there was no investment in property and equipment, as compared to fiscal 2021 when $94,000 was invested.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During fiscal 2022, we provided $1.7 million of cash in financing activities, as compared to $186,000 of cash used in financing activities during fiscal 2021.

The $1.9 million increase was primarily due to the issuance of prefunded warrants, common stock (See Note 10 – Sale of Common Stock) and loans received (See Note 7 – Term Loans), partially offset by principal payments on leases.

Financed Receivables

On March 11, 2019, the Company entered into an Amended and Restated Business Financing Agreement with Western Alliance Bank.

Under the Financing Agreement, we may borrow up to 85% of the amounts of customer invoices that we have issued, up to a maximum of $2.5 million in aggregate advances outstanding at any time.

Interest accrues on amount outstanding under the Financing Agreement at an annual rate equal to the greater of prime or 4.5% plus one percent. The Company is required to pay certain fees, including an annual facility fee of $14,700 that is paid in two equal semiannual installments. The Company’s obligations under the Financing Agreement are secured by a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company and any domestic subsidiaries, subject to certain customary exceptions. The Financing Agreement has no specified term and may be terminated by either the Company or Western Alliance Bank at any time.

As of March 26, 2022 and March 27, 2021, the Company’s total outstanding borrowings under the Financing Agreement were $450,000 and $683,000, respectively.

Term Loan

On November 12, 2021, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DPL, a California limited liability company and licensed California Finance Lender, and an affiliate of BitNile, a Delaware corporation. The loan is evidenced by a secured promissory note dated as of November 12, 2021, which provides, among other things that the principal amount of the loan will bear interest at the rate of 10.0% per annum. Unless prepaid by the Company, all principal and accrued interest under the loan is payable on November 12, 2022 or, if earlier, upon the Company’s completion of an underwritten public offering or the termination of the Exchange Agreement with BitNile and Gresham, a Delaware corporation. The Company’s obligations under the loan are secured by a pledge of all of the Company’s assets. The loan and the lender’s security interest are subordinate to the Company’s existing bank lending arrangement. The Company’s outstanding balance of this loan as of  March 26, 2022 was $800,000 and is included in Loans payable, net of discounts and issuance costs on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

On April 27, 2017, the Company entered into a $1.5 million loan agreement with Partners For Growth (“PFG”), which was funded by PFG on April 28, 2017 (“PFG Loan”). As of March 27, 2021, the Company’s total outstanding loan balance under this loan was paid off in full and the agreement was terminated.

Paycheck Protection Program under the CARES Act

On April 23, 2020, the Company borrowed $786,200 from Western Alliance Bank pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. The Company accounted for the PPP Loan as a loan under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 470, Debt, (“ASC470”). The PPP Loan had a stated maturity date of April 23, 2022 with interest accruing on the principal balance at the rate of 1.0% per annum.

On November 19, 2020, the outstanding principal and accrued interest for the PPP Loan was forgiven in full by the SBA.

Contractual Obligations

We lease our Dublin, California facility under an operating lease agreement which expires in March 2023. Total future minimum lease payments under these leases amount to approximately $696,500, of which $487,500 is scheduled to be paid in fiscal 2023.

We lease our Nashua, New Hampshire facility under an amended operating lease agreement which expires February 28, 2023. Total future minimum lease payments under this lease amount to $27,500, all of which is scheduled to be paid in fiscal 2023.

We are committed to purchase certain inventory under non-cancelable, non-returnable (“NCNR”) purchase orders. As of March 26, 2022, total NCNR purchase orders were approximately $400,000 and are scheduled to be delivered to the Company at various dates through March 2023.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

A non-GAAP financial measure is generally defined by the SEC as a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future performance, financial position or cash flows that includes or excludes amounts from the most directly comparable measure under GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative to, our reported results prepared in accordance with GAAP. Users of this financial information should consider the types of events and transactions that are excluded from these measures.

We measure our operating performance in part based on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) which is a non-GAAP financial measure that is commonly used but is not a recognized accounting term under GAAP. We use EBITDA to monitor and facilitate internal evaluation of the performance of our business operations, to facilitate external comparison of our business results to those of others in our industry, and to plan and evaluate operating budgets. We believe that our measure of EBITDA provides useful information to the public regarding our operating performance and ability to service debt and fund capital expenditures and may help our investors understand and compare our results to other companies that have different financing, capital and tax structures. EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, but instead as a supplemental to, income or loss from operations, net income or loss, cash flows from operating activities, or other income or cash flow data prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for net other income or expense items, share based compensation and certain one-time income or expense items. In the following reconciliation, we provide amounts as reflected in our accompanying consolidated financial statements unless otherwise noted. 

The reconciliation of our net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the fiscal years ended below is as follows:

Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and the results of operations are based upon the consolidated financial statements included in this report and the data used to prepare them. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and management is required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions in the course of such preparation. The Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included with the consolidated financial statements describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we re-evaluate our judgments, estimates and assumptions. We base our judgment and estimates on historical experience, knowledge of current conditions, and our beliefs of what could occur in the future considering available information. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies:

Revenue Recognition

The Company follows the provisions of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 as subsequently amended by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) between 2015 and 2017 and collectively known as ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). The guidance provides a unified model to determine how revenue is recognized. In addition, the standard requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.

In determining the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized as we fulfill our obligations under our agreements, we perform the following steps: (i) identify the contract with the customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy each performance obligation.

We generate revenue through the design, manufacture, and sale of products used in the defense industry to major prime defense contractors, the armed services (primarily in the U.S.) and research institutes. There is generally one performance obligation in our contracts with our customers. For highly engineered products, the customer typically controls the work in process as evidenced either by contractual termination clauses or by our right to payment for costs incurred to date plus a reasonable profit for products or services that do not have an alternative use. In these circumstances, the performance obligation is the design and manufacturing service. As control transfers continuously over time on these contracts, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation using a cost-to-cost method. Engineering services are also satisfied over time and recognized on a cost-to-cost method. These types of revenue arrangements are typical for our defense contracts within the Microsource segment for its RADAR filter products used in fighter jet aircrafts.

For the sale of standard or minimally customized products, the performance obligation is the series of finished products which are recognized at the points in time the units are transferred to the control of the customer, typically upon shipment. This type of revenue arrangement is typical for our commercial contracts within the Giga-tronics segment for its system products used for testing RADAR/EW systems.

Product Warranties

Our warranty policy generally provides one to three years of coverage depending on the product. We record a liability for estimated warranty obligations at the date products are sold. The estimated cost of warranty coverage is based on our actual historical experience with our current products or similar products. For new products, the required reserve is based on historical experience of similar products until sufficient historical data has been collected on the new product. Adjustments are made as new information becomes available.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable are stated at their net realizable values. We have estimated an allowance for uncollectible accounts based on our analysis of specifically identified problem accounts, outstanding receivables, consideration of the age of those receivables, our historical collection experience and adjustments for other factors management believes are necessary based on perceived credit risk.

Inventories, net

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined on a first-in, first-out basis. We periodically review inventory on hand to identify and write down excess and obsolete inventory based on estimated product demand.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Future tax benefits are subject to a valuation allowance when management is unable to conclude that its deferred tax assets will more likely than not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers both positive and negative evidence and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

We consider all tax positions recognized in the consolidated financial statements for the likelihood of realization. When tax returns are filed, it is highly certain that some positions taken would be sustained upon examination by the taxing authorities, while others are subject to uncertainty about the merits of the positions taken or the amounts of the positions that would be ultimately sustained. The benefit of a tax position is recognized in the financial statements in the period during which, based on all available evidence, management believes it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of appeals or litigation processes, if any. Tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold are measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely of being realized upon settlement with the applicable taxing authority. The portion of the benefits associated with tax positions taken that exceeds the amount measured as described above, if any, would be reflected as unrecognized tax benefits, as applicable, in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets along with any associated interest and penalties that would be payable to the taxing authorities upon examination. We also recognize accrued interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

We have a stock incentive plan that provides for the issuance of stock options and restricted stock to employees and directors. We calculate stock-based compensation expense for stock options using a Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and record the fair value of stock option and restricted stock awards expected to vest over the requisite service period. In doing so, we make certain key assumptions in making estimates used in the model. We believe the estimates used, which are presented in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, are appropriate and reasonable.

Going Concern

We evaluate our relevant conditions and events that are known and reasonably knowable at the date that our financial statements are issued. This includes Management’s preparation and review of a forecasting process that evaluates a twelve-month horizon period post issuance of the consolidated financial statements. Management responds to the known and reasonably knowable circumstances that give rise to our initial doubt as a going concern by implementing plans that are reasonably sufficient to overcome the conditions that give rise to our ability to continue. Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments that might result if we were unable to do so.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance-sheet arrangements (including standby letters of credit, guarantees, contingent interests in transferred assets, contingent obligations indexed to our stock or any obligation arising out of a variable interest in an unconsolidated entity that provides credit or other support to the Company), that have or are likely to have a material effect on our financial conditions, changes in financial conditions, revenue, expense, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Pursuant to Item 305 of Regulation S-K, the Company, as a smaller reporting company, is not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS